SPring-8, the large synchrotron radiation facility

 Accelerator Complex and Synchrotron Radiation Source

The accelerator complex is composed of an injector linac, a booster synchrotron and a low emittance storage ring. The linac is a linear accelerator. It generates electrons with an electron gun, and accelerates them to an energy of 1 GeV. The accelerated electron beam is transported to the synchrotron, which then accelerates it to 8 GeV. Next, the beam is injected into the storage ring and stored with the energy of 8 GeV. The stored electron beam emits synchrotron radiation at bending magnets and at insertion devices (undulators or a wiggler). The emitted radiation is transported through beamlines to hutches in the experimental hall and used for experiments.

 Linear Accelerator (Linac)

	Acceleration Energy: 1GeV
	Length: 140 m
	Pulse Width: 1ns/40 ns
	Repetition: 1pps
	Peak Current: 2A/350 mA
	The linac is equipped with twenty-six 3 meter long acceleration columns in a straight line and accelerates the electron beam to 1 GeV. The component colored in red indicates a quadrupole magnet which is used to focus the electron beam.

Synchrotron

	Acceleration Energy: 8 GeV
	Circumference: 396 m
	Revolution Time: 1.32 µs
	Repetition: 1Hz
	Beam Current: Max 10 mA
	he electron beam transported from the linac is accelerated to 8 GeV in the synchrotron along a circular orbit made by bending magnets (blue). Quadrupole magnets (red) are used for focusing and sextupole magnets (yellow) for stabilizing the electron beam. The accelerated 8 GeV beam is then extracted and transported to the storage ring.

 Storage Ring

	Acceleration Energy: 8 GeV
	Circumference: 1436 m
	Emittance: 3 nm·rad
	Current: 100 mA
	Beam lifetime: 100 hrs
	The storage ring is capable of storing the 8 GeV electron beam for more than 100 hours. The energy loss through emitting synchrotron radiation is compensated by acceleration equipment installed in four RF stations along the ring.

 Synchrotron Radiation Source and Beamlines

There are two types of light sources in SPring-8. The sources are insertion devices and bending magnets. Insertion devices are classified as undulators or wigglers.

SPring-8 Beam Ports
 Insertion Device Beamlines (Straight Section 6m) Max 34

 Long Insertion Device Beamlines (Long Straight Section 30m) Max 4 sections

 Bending Magnet Beamlines Max 24

An undulator and a wiggler are composed of magnet arrays and produce periodic magnetic fields that wiggle the electron beam and emit synchrotron radiation. In-vacuum type undulators developed at SPring-8 seal magnet arrays in a vacuum chamber. This arrangement results in smaller gap between arrays. Therefore, synchrotron radiation with shorter wavelength and higher power can be generated.
Besides the in-vacuum type, in-vacuum revolver variable polarization undulator, invacuum figure-8 undulator, twin helical undulator, tandem vertical undulator, elliptical wiggler, and others are installed in SPring-8. These insertion devices generate various polarized radiation.
A bending magnet is a part of the storage ring that bends the electron orbit and emits white X-rays with the characteristic photon energy of 28.9 keV.
Front End Beamline is a part of beamline installed inside the shield wall. The components of the front end are designed to withstand radiation power. The role is to reduce the thermal load on the first optical element and to protect the storage ring vacuum in case of failure or any accident in the beamline.

Undulator	Bending Magnet
Front End Beamline	Beamline

 Beamline Layout (BL47XU)

 Experimental Station

BL02B2 (Powder Diffraction) A large Debye-Scherrer camera with radius 286.5 mm is installed at the experimental hutch of BL02B2. An Imaging Plate is employed as a detector to collect a whole powder pattern simultaneously. The camera is available in a wide range of temperatures (15 K-1000 K). The camera enables a rapid collection of a high counting statistics and high angular resolution powder diffraction data.	BL04B1(High Pressure and High Temperature) The high pressure facility SPEED-Mk. II is the double stage type multi-anvil press with 1500 ton ram force. This system is able to produce high-pressure and high-temperature condition up to 50 GPa and 2000 Åé using 14 x 14 x 14 mm sintered diamond (SD) anvils. Experiments such as energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction and high-speed CCD imaging are performed.	BL08W (High-Energy Inelastic Scattering) The magnetic Compton scattering spectrometer consists of a 3 T superconducting magnet and 10 Ge solid state detectors (SSDs). The superconducting magnet switches the field between -3 T and +3 T within 5 seconds. The Ge SSDs are symmetrically configured around the incident X-ray beam to realize a scattering angle of almost 180 degrees. The temperature of a sample is controlled by a cryo-cooler between 10 K and room temperature.
BL13XU (Surface and Interface Structures) An ultrahigh vacuum chamber ( for a surface of crystalline material such as a metal and semiconductor surface) mounted on a huge X-ray-diffractometer ( 3 m in diameter and 2.3 m in height). The chamber is equipped with standard surface analysis tools such as low energy electron energy diffraction (LEED) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) as well as surface growth evaporators.	BL19B2 (Engineering Science Research) BL19B2 has three experimental hutches. In Hutch I (XAFS), XAFS measurements in transmission and fluorescence modes are carried out. High energy X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis is also done. In Hutch II (X-ray diffraction), multi-axis diffractometer is installed for residual stress measurement, and structural analysis of thin films. The Debye-Scherrer camera is installed for powder diffraction study. In Hutch III (Imaging), observations of industrial materials by X-ray imaging (e.g. refraction imaging) are carried out.	BL27XU (Soft X-ray Photochemistry) The C2a station of BL27XU is equipped with high resolution hemispherical electron energy analyzer (Gammadata-SCIENTA, SES-2002) for free atoms and molecules. The sample gases are injected by a multi-capillary array (MB scientific AB). The molecular beam source reduces the kinetic energy dependent resolution deterioration due to the Doppler effect of sample gases.
BL35XU (High Resolution Inelastic Scattering) The IXS spectrometer is a special instrument, requiring extremely precise motion of a long and heavy arm (10 m, 6 ton) over a large angular range (55 degree). The length is required to achieve good (~ 1 meV) energy resolution and the weight is a result of the vacuum flight path needed to prevent scatter and absorption of the X-rays, and for the vacuum insulation used for the very precise (~ mK) temperature control of optics.	BL37XU (Trace Element Analysis) BL37XU is designed for application to various "X-ray fluorescence analyses". A high spatial resolution X-ray microprobe, a multipurpose X-ray diffractometer, a general X-ray fluorescence analyzer and a high energy X-ray fluorescence spectrometer are installed in the experimental hutch 1 (shown on the photo). A grazing incidence spectro-reflectometer and a low-vacuum SEM are equipped in the experimental hutch 2.	BL15XU (WEBRAM) A Dual Angular Photoelectron Intelligent Analyzer (DAPHNIA) was designed for a coincidence measurement of photoelectron and Auger electron, so that the take-off angle of each analyzer can be set independently. Large kinetic energy photoelectrons, up to 4800 eV, are also available. This apparatus has already shown some nice performances using high energy excitation beam, for example, more deep core level electron excitation, or the application of high kinetic energy photoelectrons.
BL24XU (Hyogo Prefecture) An apparatus for X-ray microanalysis in the experimental hutch C at BL24XU. The apparatus, which forms an intense X-ray microbeam by the use of a phase zone plate, can be applied to the various research areas such as two-dimensional mapping of trace elements in samples, micro diffraction of polymers, and strain analysis in the laser diodes .	BL23SU (JAERI Actinide Science I) Apparatuses for the measurements of high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy and soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) at BL23SU in RI building. The energy resolution of the photoelectron spectrometer is below 2 meV. The superconducting magnet of the MCD apparatus induces the maximum magnetic field of 10 T on the sample. Both apparatuses are used for the research of electronic structures of actinide materials such as uranium compounds.	BL45XU (RIKEN Structural Biology I) BL45XU, formed by two stations, is designed to research on structural biology. The protein crystallography station utilizes synchrotron radiation with the advantage of MAD (multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction) method in the field of X-ray crystallography. Three different wavelength X-rays produced by the diamond trichromator system are incident to the specimen mounted on the goniometer (shown on the photo) and applied to protein crystals.